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All ingredients

317 ingredients indexed. Filter by category or search by name, E-number, or synonym.

317 ingredients

E200
Sorbic Acid
PreservativeLow

A naturally occurring compound used to inhibit mold, yeast, and fungi in foods and cosmetics.

E202
Potassium Sorbate
PreservativeLow

The potassium salt of sorbic acid, used as a water-soluble antifungal preservative.

E211
Sodium Benzoate
PreservativeModerate

A water-soluble preservative effective in acidic foods, especially soft drinks and pickles.

E250
Sodium Nitrite
PreservativeElevated

A curing agent used in processed meats to inhibit Clostridium botulinum and preserve color.

E251
Sodium Nitrate
PreservativeModerate

A slow-acting curing agent that is gradually converted to nitrite by bacteria during long meat aging.

E282
Calcium Propionate
PreservativeLow

A mold inhibitor commonly used in bread, baked goods, and dairy products.

E300
Ascorbic Acid
AntioxidantLow

Vitamin C — used as a strong water-soluble antioxidant in foods and beverages.

E306
Tocopherol
AntioxidantLow

A natural vitamin E extract used as a fat-soluble antioxidant in oils and fatty foods.

E320
Butylated Hydroxyanisole
AntioxidantElevated

A synthetic antioxidant (BHA) used in fats, oils, and packaged foods.

E322
Lecithin
EmulsifierLow

A natural phospholipid mixture used as an emulsifier in chocolate, baked goods, and dressings.

E330
Citric Acid
AcidulantLow

A weak organic acid found in citrus fruits, used to add tartness and act as a preservative.

E296
Malic Acid
AcidulantLow

A tart-tasting organic acid naturally abundant in apples and used as a flavoring acid.

E260
Acetic Acid
AcidulantLow

The acid in vinegar — used as a flavoring and preservative in pickled and acidified foods.

E102
Tartrazine
ColorantElevated

A bright yellow synthetic azo dye widely used in beverages, candies, and sauces.

E120
Cochineal
ColorantLow

A natural red dye extracted from cochineal insects, giving rich crimson and pink tones.

E150d
Caramel IV (Sulfite Ammonia)
ColorantModerate

A dark brown caramel color produced with sulfite and ammonia, used in colas and sauces.

E160a
Beta-Carotene
ColorantLow

A natural orange pigment from carrots and algae that also acts as a vitamin A precursor.

E163
Anthocyanins
ColorantLow

A group of natural plant pigments responsible for red, purple, and blue colors in foods.

E170
Calcium Carbonate
ColorantLow

A white mineral pigment used as a colorant, anticaking agent, and calcium fortifier.

E412
Guar Gum
ThickenerLow

A natural plant gum extracted from guar bean endosperm, used to thicken sauces and dairy.

E413
Tragacanth
ThickenerLow

A traditional Middle-Eastern tree-resin gum — strong cold-water swelling, used in dressings and bakery glazes.

E414
Acacia Gum
ThickenerLow

Gum arabic — exudate of acacia trees, the dominant beverage emulsifier and a clean-label dietary fiber.

E415
Xanthan Gum
ThickenerLow

A microbial polysaccharide used as a versatile thickener and stabilizer in modern foods.

E440
Pectin
ThickenerLow

A natural gelling agent from fruit peels, central to jam-making and many soft confections.

E466
Carboxymethyl Cellulose
ThickenerModerate

A modified cellulose gum used to thicken, stabilize, and add texture in many processed foods.

E471
Mono- and Diglycerides
EmulsifierModerate

Widely used emulsifiers made from glycerol and fatty acids, found in many baked goods and dairy products.

E621
Monosodium Glutamate
Flavor enhancerLow

A sodium salt of glutamic acid used to deepen savory (umami) flavor in foods.

E635
Disodium 5'-Ribonucleotides
Flavor enhancerLow

A blend of disodium inosinate and disodium guanylate that amplifies umami when used with MSG.

E951
Aspartame
SweetenerModerate

An intense low-calorie sweetener about 200 times sweeter than sucrose, used in diet beverages.

E955
Sucralose
SweetenerModerate

A heat-stable, calorie-free sweetener about 600 times sweeter than sucrose.

E960
Steviol Glycosides
SweetenerLow

Natural intense sweeteners extracted from the stevia plant, 200–400 times sweeter than sugar.

E967
Xylitol
SweetenerLow

A natural sugar alcohol with the sweetness of sucrose but about 40% fewer calories.

E110
Sunset Yellow FCF
ColorantElevated

A bright orange synthetic azo dye used in soft drinks, candies, and snack foods.

E122
Carmoisine
ColorantElevated

A bright cherry-red synthetic azo dye common in European jellies, jams, and beverages.

E124
Ponceau 4R
ColorantElevated

A bright strawberry-red azo dye used in desserts, fillings, and glace cherries.

E129
Allura Red AC
ColorantElevated

The dominant red food dye in many markets — used in soft drinks, candies, and cake icings.

E133
Brilliant Blue FCF
ColorantModerate

The dominant blue food colorant — used in candies, ice cream, and powdered drink mixes.

E171
Titanium Dioxide
ColorantHigh

A brilliant white opacifier — banned as a food additive in the EU since 2022 due to nanoparticle genotoxicity concerns.

E321
Butylated Hydroxytoluene
AntioxidantElevated

A synthetic phenolic antioxidant (BHT), the close relative of BHA, used to prevent rancidity in fats and packaged foods.

E270
Lactic Acid
AcidulantLow

The natural acid of sour milk — a mild, ubiquitous acidulant and preservative.

E338
Phosphoric Acid
AcidulantModerate

The signature acidulant of cola drinks — provides the characteristic sharp 'bite'.

E407
Carrageenan
ThickenerModerate

A seaweed-derived gelling agent — central to plant milks, ice cream, and processed meats; under scrutiny for gut microbiome effects.

E410
Locust Bean Gum
ThickenerLow

A traditional galactomannan thickener from carob seeds — pairs synergistically with xanthan and carrageenan.

E950
Acesulfame K
SweetenerModerate

A heat-stable, calorie-free sweetener about 200 times sweeter than sucrose — frequently blended with aspartame or sucralose.

E420
Sorbitol
SweetenerLow

A naturally occurring sugar alcohol about 60% as sweet as sucrose, common in sugar-free products.

E223
Sodium Metabisulfite
PreservativeElevated

A sulfite preservative widely used in wine and dried fruits — a documented allergen for sulfite-sensitive individuals.

E551
Silicon Dioxide
Anti-caking agentLow

An amorphous silica powder used as an anti-caking agent in powdered foods, table salt, and spices.

E500
Sodium Bicarbonate
Leavening agentLow

Common baking soda — releases CO2 to leaven baked goods and buffers acidity in many products.

E954
Saccharin
SweetenerModerate

The original synthetic intense sweetener — 300–500x sucrose, with a long and contested safety history.

E965
Maltitol
SweetenerLow

A sugar alcohol about 90% as sweet as sucrose — common in sugar-free chocolate and confectionery.

E968
Erythritol
SweetenerModerate

A naturally occurring sugar alcohol — calorie-free, kind on blood sugar, but recently linked to cardiovascular event signals.

E101
Riboflavin
ColorantLow

Vitamin B2 — used both as a yellow-orange colorant and as a nutritional fortifier.

E160c
Paprika Extract
ColorantLow

Natural red-orange pigments from sweet paprika peppers — the primary natural alternative to red and orange synthetic dyes.

E172
Iron Oxides
ColorantLow

Mineral pigments providing red, yellow, and black tones — increasingly used as a natural replacement for titanium dioxide.

E433
Polysorbate 80
EmulsifierElevated

A common surfactant in ice cream, sauces, and pharmaceuticals — a central focus of gut microbiome research.

E472e
DATEM
EmulsifierModerate

A bakery emulsifier strengthening dough — central to commercial bread structure.

E481
Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate
EmulsifierLow

A bakery emulsifier (SSL) that strengthens dough and extends bread softness.

E406
Agar
ThickenerLow

A traditional vegan gelling agent from red seaweed — the basis of vegan jellies and microbiology plates.

E460
Microcrystalline Cellulose
ThickenerLow

Highly refined wood-pulp cellulose (MCC) — used as a bulking fiber, anti-caking agent, and texturizer.

E325
Sodium Lactate
AcidulantLow

The sodium salt of lactic acid — humectant, antimicrobial, and pH buffer in processed meats.

E450
Sodium Pyrophosphate
Leavening agentModerate

A phosphate buffer and leavening acid used in processed meats, seafood, and baking powders.

E451
Triphosphates
EmulsifierModerate

A phosphate used to hold water, bind moisture, and improve texture in processed meats, seafood, and wet pet food.

E140
Chlorophylls
ColorantLow

The natural green pigment of plants — used as a clean-label colorant in dairy and confectionery.

E141
Chlorophyllin Copper Complexes
ColorantLow

A copper-stabilized form of chlorophyll — keeps a vivid green that survives heat, acid, and light.

E162
Beetroot Red
ColorantLow

The natural deep-red pigment of beetroot (betanin) — a vegan alternative to carmine.

E210
Benzoic Acid
PreservativeModerate

The parent acid of sodium benzoate — naturally occurring in cranberries, the same preservative mechanism.

E235
Natamycin
PreservativeLow

A polyene antifungal antibiotic — used on cheese rinds and dried sausage surfaces to inhibit mold.

E316
Sodium Erythorbate
AntioxidantLow

The D-isomer salt of ascorbic acid — used as a curing-meat antioxidant equivalent to ascorbate but without vitamin activity.

E304
Ascorbyl Palmitate
AntioxidantLow

A fat-soluble ester of vitamin C — used to protect oils, fats, and infant formula from oxidation.

E385
Calcium Disodium EDTA
AntioxidantModerate

A powerful metal-chelating agent — added to inhibit oxidation and benzene formation in soft drinks.

E575
Glucono-delta-lactone
AcidulantLow

A mild slow-acting acidulant (GDL) — central to silken tofu coagulation and delayed-rise leavening.

E331
Sodium Citrates
AcidulantLow

Sodium salts of citric acid — emulsifying salts in processed cheese and buffers in many beverages.

E418
Gellan Gum
ThickenerLow

A bacterial polysaccharide — used for clean, transparent gels at very low concentrations.

E953
Isomalt
SweetenerLow

A sugar alcohol about half as sweet as sucrose — dominant in sugar-free hard candy and pulled-sugar work.

E1422
Acetylated Distarch Adipate
Modified starchLow

A doubly modified starch — acetylated and crosslinked — used as a freeze-thaw-stable thickener.

E1442
Hydroxypropyl Distarch Phosphate
Modified starchLow

A doubly modified starch — hydroxypropylated and phosphate-crosslinked — used as a high-stability thickener.

E901
Beeswax
Glazing agentLow

A traditional glazing wax from honeybees — used to coat confectionery and fresh produce.

E903
Carnauba Wax
Glazing agentLow

A vegan glazing wax from the leaves of the Brazilian carnauba palm — used to polish candy and pharmaceutical tablets.

E214
Ethyl p-Hydroxybenzoate
PreservativeModerate

An ethyl paraben preservative — one of the few parabens still permitted in EU food use.

E218
Methyl p-Hydroxybenzoate
PreservativeModerate

A methyl paraben preservative — historically the most common paraben, now restricted in EU food use.

E220
Sulphur Dioxide
PreservativeElevated

Free sulphur dioxide — the active species in all sulfite preservation and a major label allergen.

E222
Sodium Bisulphite
PreservativeElevated

The sodium bisulfite salt — a common solid sulfite source that releases SO2 on contact with acid.

E224
Potassium Metabisulphite
PreservativeElevated

A potassium metabisulfite preservative — common in winemaking as a low-sodium sulfite source.

E620
Glutamic Acid
Flavor enhancerLow

The free acid of glutamate — the parent compound of MSG and the umami-receptor activator itself.

E622
Monopotassium Glutamate
Flavor enhancerLow

The potassium salt of glutamate — a low-sodium alternative to MSG.

E625
Magnesium Diglutamate
Flavor enhancerLow

The magnesium salt of glutamate — used in some specialty seasonings and supplements.

E627
Disodium Guanylate
Flavor enhancerLow

A ribonucleotide flavor enhancer — multiplies umami with MSG; one of the two components of E635.

E631
Disodium Inosinate
Flavor enhancerLow

A ribonucleotide flavor enhancer from fish or meat extracts — synergizes powerfully with MSG.

E962
Aspartame-Acesulfame Salt
SweetenerModerate

A single-salt blend of aspartame and acesulfame K (Twinsweet) — inherits both parents' safety profiles.

E904
Shellac
Glazing agentLow

A resin secreted by the lac insect, used to polish coated confectionery — non-vegan.

E150a
Plain Caramel
ColorantLow

Pure caramel color produced by heating sugars alone — the clean-label form of caramel coloring.

E160e
Beta-apo-8'-Carotenal
ColorantLow

A carotenoid derivative giving a deep orange-red — used in dairy desserts and processed foods.

E1404
Oxidized Starch
Modified starchLow

A starch chemically oxidized for clarity and lower viscosity — used in coatings, batters, and confectionery.

E290
Carbon Dioxide
AcidulantLow

The bubbles of every carbonated beverage — also used in modified-atmosphere packaging.

E280
Propionic Acid
PreservativeLow

A short-chain fatty acid antifungal — the parent of calcium propionate, naturally produced in Swiss cheese.

E297
Fumaric Acid
AcidulantLow

A dicarboxylic acid with a sharper, longer-lasting tartness than citric acid — common in dry mixes.

E310
Propyl Gallate
AntioxidantModerate

A synthetic phenolic antioxidant — used in fats and oils, similar concerns to BHA and BHT.

E339
Sodium Phosphates
Leavening agentModerate

Sodium salts of phosphoric acid — used as buffers, emulsifying salts in processed cheese, and texturizers.

E341
Calcium Phosphates
Leavening agentLow

Calcium salts of phosphoric acid — leavening agents and a calcium fortifier, also the mineral of bones.

E452
Polyphosphates
Leavening agentModerate

Chain phosphates — used to retain water in processed meat and seafood, increasing yield (and added water).

E541
Sodium Aluminium Phosphate
Leavening agentElevated

An aluminum-containing leavening acid — controversial due to cumulative aluminum exposure concerns.

E535
Sodium Ferrocyanide
Anti-caking agentModerate

An anti-caking agent in table salt — the cyanide is locked in an iron complex, but the name causes regular confusion.

E552
Calcium Silicate
Anti-caking agentLow

A calcium silicate anti-caking agent — common in dry mixes and powdered seasonings.

E553
Talc
Anti-caking agentModerate

Magnesium silicate mineral — used as an anti-caking agent, but historic asbestos contamination is a known concern.

E920
L-Cysteine
EmulsifierModerate

An amino-acid dough conditioner — often derived from animal hair or feathers, creating documented vegan / halal / kosher concerns.

E476
Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate
EmulsifierLow

A specialty emulsifier from castor oil (PGPR) — used to reduce viscosity in chocolate and confectionery.

E473
Sucrose Esters of Fatty Acids
EmulsifierLow

Sucrose-derived emulsifiers — used in beverages, baking, and pharmaceutical formulations.

E464
Hypromellose
ThickenerLow

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) — a vegan capsule material and gluten-free baking ingredient.

E160b
Annatto
ColorantLow

A natural orange-red colorant from achiote seeds — generally safe but a documented allergen.

E142
Green S
ColorantModerate

A synthetic triarylmethane green dye — used in mint products and tinned vegetables.

E100
Curcumin
ColorantLow

The yellow-orange pigment of turmeric — a widely loved clean-label natural colorant.

E104
Quinoline Yellow
ColorantElevated

A synthetic yellow-green dye — one of the Southampton six implicated in childhood hyperactivity.

E132
Indigotine
ColorantModerate

A synthetic blue dye (indigo carmine) — common in confectionery and ice cream, with documented allergy reports.

E153
Vegetable Carbon
ColorantLow

Activated charcoal of vegetable origin — a clean-label deep black colorant.

E155
Brown HT
ColorantElevated

A synthetic diazo brown dye — a Southampton-six member with the hyperactivity warning.

E212
Potassium Benzoate
PreservativeModerate

The potassium salt of benzoic acid — a sodium-free alternative to E211 in acidic foods.

E249
Potassium Nitrite
PreservativeElevated

Potassium analog of sodium nitrite — a curing agent for meats with the same nitrosamine concern.

E252
Potassium Nitrate
PreservativeModerate

Saltpeter — a slow-release curing agent that converts to nitrite during meat ageing.

E281
Sodium Propionate
PreservativeLow

The sodium salt of propionic acid — a low-concern bakery antifungal.

E284
Boric Acid
PreservativeModerate

A traditional preservative restricted to caviar in the modern EU food code.

E334
Tartaric Acid
AcidulantLow

A natural fruit acid from grapes — central to wine chemistry and a common acidulant.

E336
Potassium Tartrate
AcidulantLow

Cream of tartar — the slow acid in classic baking powders.

E392
Rosemary Extract
AntioxidantLow

A clean-label natural antioxidant — the leading replacement for BHA/BHT in modern formulations.

E425
Konjac
ThickenerModerate

Glucomannan from the konjac corm — a powerful thickener and the gelling agent in shirataki noodles. Choking hazard in jelly minicups.

E509
Calcium Chloride
AcidulantLow

A firming agent and calcium fortifier — used in cheesemaking, tofu, and canned vegetables.

E640
Glycine
Flavor enhancerLow

The simplest amino acid — a mild sweetener and umami modulator in Japanese-style seasonings.

E1105
Lysozyme
PreservativeModerate

An egg-derived antimicrobial enzyme — used in cheese rinds and wine. Egg allergen.

E263
Calcium Acetate
AcidulantLow

A buffering and firming salt — also used clinically to bind dietary phosphate in kidney disease.

E301
Sodium Ascorbate
AntioxidantLow

The non-acidic sodium salt of vitamin C — pH-neutral form for cured meats and fortified foods.

E307
Alpha-Tocopherol (synthetic)
AntioxidantLow

The synthetic single-isomer form of vitamin E — used in oils, infant formula, and supplements.

E319
TBHQ
AntioxidantModerate

Tertiary butylhydroquinone — a potent synthetic antioxidant common in fried snacks and frozen foods, with some safety debates.

E327
Calcium Lactate
AcidulantLow

A mild calcium salt — fortifier, firming agent, and the second ingredient in spherification reverse-set.

E329
Magnesium Lactate
AcidulantLow

The magnesium salt of lactic acid — an acidity regulator and a well-absorbed source of magnesium in fortified foods and drinks.

E363
Succinic Acid
AcidulantLow

A mildly sour-savory acid — found naturally in fermented foods and shellfish, used as a flavor accent.

E417
Tara Gum
ThickenerLow

A natural galactomannan gum from Peruvian tara seeds — clean-label alternative to locust bean and guar gums.

E422
Glycerol
SweetenerLow

A natural sugar alcohol — the dominant humectant and freeze-point depressor in many soft-textured foods.

E461
Methylcellulose
ThickenerLow

A thermo-gelling cellulose ether — the structural backbone of many plant-based meat formulations.

E475
Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty Acids
EmulsifierLow

Versatile emulsifier of polyglycerol cores esterified with fatty acids — common in cakes, chocolate, and whipped toppings.

E491
Sorbitan Monostearate
EmulsifierLow

A low-HLB sorbitan-based emulsifier (Span 60) — common in cake mixes and chocolate confectionery.

E524
Sodium Hydroxide
AcidulantLow

Caustic soda — a strong base used for pH adjustment, pretzel browning, and olive curing.

E905
Microcrystalline Wax
Glazing agentLow

A petroleum-derived wax used to coat candies, cheese rinds, and fresh produce.

E952
Cyclamate
SweetenerModerate

A high-intensity artificial sweetener — banned in the US since 1970 but permitted in the EU and much of the world.

E961
Neotame
SweetenerLow

An aspartame derivative ~8000× sweeter than sucrose — no phenylalanine warning required.

E161g
Canthaxanthin
ColorantModerate

An orange-red carotenoid — banned in tanning supplements after eye-crystal retinopathy cases. Tightly restricted in food.

E1414
Acetylated Distarch Phosphate
Modified starchLow

A dual-modified starch — the most widely used modified starch in processed foods globally.

E150b
Caustic Sulfite Caramel
ColorantModerate

Class II caramel — sulfite-processed sugar coloring used in cognac, sherry, and soy sauce.

E150c
Ammonia Caramel
ColorantModerate

Class III caramel — ammonia-processed coloring used in beer, gravies, and dark sauces. Contains 4-MEI.

E161b
Lutein
ColorantLow

A natural xanthophyll carotenoid from marigold petals — clean-label yellow and the dominant macular-pigment supplement.

E242
Dimethyl Dicarbonate
PreservativeModerate

DMDC — a cold-sterilant beverage preservative that hydrolyzes within hours, leaving methanol and CO2.

E262
Sodium Acetate
AcidulantLow

The sodium salt of acetic acid — the classic salt-and-vinegar chip seasoning.

E283
Potassium Propionate
PreservativeLow

The potassium salt of propionic acid — sodium-free bakery antifungal.

E315
Erythorbic Acid
AntioxidantLow

The D-stereoisomer of vitamin C — same antioxidant function, ~5% of vitamin activity.

E332
Potassium Citrate
AcidulantLow

The potassium salt of citric acid — sodium-free buffer, also a urinary alkalinizer.

E333
Calcium Citrate
AcidulantLow

The calcium salt of citric acid — gentle calcium fortifier, well-absorbed without stomach acid.

E442
Ammonium Phosphatides
EmulsifierLow

A soy- or rapeseed-derived emulsifier — the standard partner to PGPR in mass-market chocolate.

E470a
Salts of Fatty Acids (Na/K/Ca)
EmulsifierLow

Soaps of food-grade fatty acids — anti-caking and emulsifying agents in dry mixes and confectionery.

E472a
Acetic Acid Esters of MDG
EmulsifierLow

Acetylated MDG (AcMG) — used as plasticizing agent and edible coating in bakery and confectionery.

E472c
Citric Acid Esters of MDG (CITREM)
EmulsifierLow

CITREM — a strong, kid-friendly emulsifier used in infant formula, plant milks, and meat-analog foods.

E536
Potassium Ferrocyanide
Anti-caking agentModerate

The standard EU anti-caking agent for table salt — controversial in popular health narratives, regulated at very low residual.

E941
Nitrogen
Glazing agentLow

An inert packaging gas — displaces oxygen to extend the shelf life of snacks, coffee, and ready meals.

E942
Nitrous Oxide
Glazing agentLow

Laughing gas — the propellant in aerosol whipped cream and a culinary aerator.

E1200
Polydextrose
SweetenerLow

A randomly branched glucose polymer — soluble fiber and bulking agent for sugar-reduced foods.

E160d
Lycopene
ColorantLow

The deep-red carotenoid of tomatoes — a popular clean-label red and a heart-health supplement.

E174
Silver
ColorantLow

Pure silver in leaf or powder form — a decorative finish on confections and luxury sweets.

E175
Gold
ColorantLow

Pure gold leaf or flakes — a centuries-old decorative finish on luxury foods.

E302
Calcium Ascorbate
AntioxidantLow

The calcium salt of vitamin C — combines antioxidant and calcium-fortification roles.

E311
Octyl Gallate
AntioxidantLow

The C8-ester of gallic acid — a lipid-soluble antioxidant for fats and edible oils.

E340
Potassium Phosphate
AcidulantModerate

Sodium-free phosphate salts — buffers, leavening acids, and electrolyte sources.

E462
Ethylcellulose
ThickenerLow

An ethyl-ether modification of cellulose — used as an oleogel structurant and a pharmaceutical film former.

E472b
Lactic Acid Esters of MDG
EmulsifierLow

Lactylated MDG (LACTEM) — used as a whipping aid and crumb-softener in bakery and dairy.

E472d
Tartaric Acid Esters of MDG
EmulsifierLow

Tartarated MDG — a bread crumb-softener related to DATEM, with milder rheology.

E474
Sucroglycerides
EmulsifierLow

A mixture of sucrose esters and mono- and diglycerides — a one-shot dairy and bakery emulsifier.

E482
Calcium Stearoyl-2-Lactylate
EmulsifierLow

CSL — the calcium analog of SSL, a dough conditioner and crumb softener.

E494
Sorbitan Monooleate
EmulsifierLow

Span 80 — an oleate-based sorbitan emulsifier for chocolate, icings, and cake mixes.

E570
Stearic Acid
Anti-caking agentLow

A saturated long-chain fatty acid — anti-caking agent, anti-foam, and tablet lubricant.

E957
Thaumatin
SweetenerLow

A naturally sweet protein from West African katemfe fruit — 2000× sweeter than sucrose, with a slow lingering finish.

E963
Tagatose
SweetenerLow

A naturally occurring rare sugar — 92% as sweet as sucrose, 1.5 kcal/g, and low-glycemic.

E1450
Starch Sodium Octenyl Succinate
Modified starchLow

OSA-starch — the modified starch that emulsifies and encapsulates fat-soluble flavors and vitamins.

E101a
Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate
ColorantLow

The phosphate ester of vitamin B2 — a more water-soluble form for fortification and yellow coloring.

E231
Orthophenylphenol
PreservativeModerate

A surface treatment for citrus and pomes — applied to the skin to prevent post-harvest mold.

E236
Formic Acid
PreservativeModerate

The simplest carboxylic acid — a strong antimicrobial used at low levels in non-meat preservation.

E261
Potassium Acetate
AcidulantLow

The potassium salt of acetic acid — sodium-free buffer and pickle preservative.

E308
Gamma-Tocopherol
AntioxidantLow

γ-Tocopherol — the dominant tocopherol in soybean oil, with stronger lipid-peroxyl scavenging than α.

E312
Dodecyl Gallate
AntioxidantLow

The C12-ester of gallic acid — the most lipid-soluble of the food gallates.

E380
Triammonium Citrate
AcidulantLow

The ammonium salt of citric acid — common processed-cheese melting salt.

E416
Karaya Gum
ThickenerLow

A traditional Indian tree-resin gum — strong water absorption, used as a bulk laxative and a clean-label thickener.

E472f
Mixed Acetic and Tartaric Esters of MDG
EmulsifierLow

A combined acetic-tartaric MDG — a bread-improver emulsifier blending the strengths of E472a and E472d.

E493
Sorbitan Monolaurate
EmulsifierLow

Span 20 — a higher-HLB sorbitan emulsifier for oil-in-water systems and yeast aeration.

E641
L-Leucine
Flavor enhancerLow

An essential branched-chain amino acid — used as a tabletting lubricant and a sweetness modifier.

E959
Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone
SweetenerLow

A citrus-peel-derived intense sweetener with strong taste-masking effects — common in chewables and pharmaceuticals.

E966
Lactitol
SweetenerLow

A disaccharide sugar alcohol made from lactose — bulk sweetener with a clean sucrose-like sweetness.

E1201
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
ThickenerLow

PVP — a polymeric stabilizer and clarifying agent used in wine, beer, and supplements.

E1410
Monostarch Phosphate
Modified starchLow

A phosphorylated starch with single-ester linkages — improves freeze-thaw stability and clarity.

E1413
Phosphated Distarch Phosphate
Modified starchLow

A doubly phosphorylated distarch — combines extra hydration with cross-linked stability.

E1520
Propylene Glycol
Glazing agentLow

A versatile humectant and carrier solvent — common in cake icings, flavor extracts, and e-cigarette liquids.

E160f
Ethyl Ester of β-apo-8'-Carotenoic Acid
ColorantLow

An orange-yellow carotenoid ester — the heat-stable cousin of E160e for retorted foods.

E173
Aluminium
ColorantModerate

Metallic aluminium leaf or powder — a decorative finish on cake decorations and pills.

E237
Sodium Formate
PreservativeModerate

The sodium salt of formic acid — a niche preservative paired with E236.

E309
Delta-Tocopherol
AntioxidantLow

δ-Tocopherol — the highest-antioxidant-activity tocopherol form, with minimal vitamin-E activity.

E353
Metatartaric Acid
AcidulantLow

A polymerized form of tartaric acid — added to wine to prevent cold-temperature tartrate crystallization.

E421
Mannitol
SweetenerLow

A sugar alcohol from seaweed and tree saps — used as a non-cariogenic sweetener and tablet excipient.

E465
Ethyl Methylcellulose
ThickenerLow

A mixed ethyl-methyl cellulose ether — niche modified cellulose for specific texture profiles.

E468
Croscarmellose Sodium
ThickenerLow

Cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose — the standard disintegrant in pharmaceutical and supplement tablets.

E526
Calcium Hydroxide
AcidulantLow

Slaked lime — the alkali of corn nixtamalization, tofu coagulation, and traditional pickling.

E572
Magnesium Stearate
Anti-caking agentLow

The dominant tablet lubricant in pharmaceuticals and supplements — frequently the subject of unfounded online controversy.

E574
Gluconic Acid
AcidulantLow

A mild fruit-acid alternative — gentle sourness, the parent of GDL (E575).

E626
Guanylic Acid
Flavor enhancerLow

The free-acid form of the umami nucleotide — the parent of disodium and dipotassium guanylates.

E1202
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP)
ThickenerLow

Cross-linked PVP — an insoluble polyphenol-binding clarifier for beer, wine, and fruit juices.

E1400
Dextrins
Modified starchLow

Roasted-starch dextrins — a thickening agent and the classic gum used in postage stamp glue.

E1420
Acetylated Starch
Modified starchLow

An acetylated single-modified starch — improves freeze-thaw stability in frozen foods.

E1505
Triethyl Citrate
Glazing agentLow

An ester of citric acid and ethanol — foam stabilizer for egg-white whipping and a film-forming carrier.

E1518
Triacetin
Glazing agentLow

Glycerol triacetate — a flavor solvent and the standard humectant in chewing gum.

E180
Litholrubine BK
ColorantModerate

A synthetic red lake pigment — restricted in the EU to the inedible coatings of hard cheeses.

E215
Sodium Ethylparaben
PreservativeModerate

The sodium salt of ethylparaben — restricted in the EU since 2006 because of endocrine concerns.

E219
Sodium Methylparaben
PreservativeModerate

The sodium salt of methylparaben — water-soluble paraben for low-pH preservation in narrow applications.

E238
Calcium Formate
PreservativeModerate

The calcium salt of formic acid — niche food use, dominant role is in livestock feed.

E326
Potassium Lactate
AcidulantLow

The potassium salt of lactic acid — a sodium-free moisture-binder and antimicrobial in meats.

E342
Ammonium Phosphate
AcidulantModerate

Ammonium phosphate salts — yeast nutrient in bread and wine, leavening acid in some baking powders.

E432
Polysorbate 20
EmulsifierLow

Tween 20 — a high-HLB polysorbate used in beverage clouding, dressings, and protein-stabilization.

E434
Polysorbate 40
EmulsifierLow

Tween 40 — a palmitate-based polysorbate for dairy and bakery emulsions.

E435
Polysorbate 60
EmulsifierLow

Tween 60 — the dominant whipped-topping and ice-cream emulsifier.

E459
Beta-Cyclodextrin
ThickenerLow

A cyclic seven-glucose oligosaccharide — encapsulates fat-soluble flavors, colors, and vitamins.

E469
Enzymatically Hydrolysed Carboxymethylcellulose
ThickenerLow

Enzymatically broken-down CMC — lower viscosity and improved colloidal stability for dairy applications.

E478
Lactic and Fatty Acid Esters of Glycerol and Propylene Glycol
EmulsifierLow

A mixed propylene-glycol / glycerol lactated ester — a whipping aid in cake batters and instant desserts.

E495
Sorbitan Tristearate
EmulsifierLow

Span 65 — the lowest-HLB sorbitan ester, a chocolate-bloom suppressant.

E558
Bentonite
Anti-caking agentLow

A natural smectite clay — the standard wine fining agent and a clarifier for fruit juices.

E628
Dipotassium Guanylate
Flavor enhancerLow

The potassium salt of 5'-GMP — sodium-free umami nucleotide.

E630
Inosinic Acid
Flavor enhancerLow

The free-acid form of the dried-bonito umami nucleotide — parent of disodium inosinate.

E1517
Glyceryl Diacetate
Glazing agentLow

Diacetin — a glycerol diester, niche carrier solvent for flavor and color extracts.

E161h
Zeaxanthin
ColorantLow

A natural xanthophyll concentrated in the macula — eye-health supplement and clean-label yellow.

E243
Lauric Arginate
PreservativeLow

A cationic antimicrobial used in cured meats to suppress Listeria — naturally derived but high-tech.

E337
Sodium Potassium Tartrate
AcidulantLow

Rochelle salt — a mixed-cation tartrate buffer; also famous for its piezoelectric crystals.

E343
Magnesium Phosphate
AcidulantModerate

Magnesium phosphate salts — anti-caking, supplement fortifier, and mineral source.

E430
Polyoxyethylene 8 Stearate
EmulsifierLow

An 8-EO polyethylene-glycol stearate — coffee-whitener emulsifier with restricted EU approval.

E436
Polysorbate 65
EmulsifierLow

Tween 65 — a tristearate polysorbate with intermediate solubility, used in icings and toppings.

E445
Glycerol Esters of Wood Rosin
EmulsifierModerate

Brominated rosin — the citrus-flavored-soft-drink density adjuster, controversial outside the EU.

E484
Stearyl Citrate
EmulsifierLow

A stearic citrate ester — niche sequestrant and antioxidant synergist.

E520
Aluminium Sulfate
Anti-caking agentModerate

Alum — historically used to firm pickles and egg whites, now restricted in EU food use.

E521
Aluminium Sodium Sulfate
Anti-caking agentModerate

SAS — a baking-powder acid component, now restricted in EU because of aluminium-load concerns.

E527
Ammonium Hydroxide
AcidulantLow

Aqueous ammonia — pH regulator for Dutch-process cocoa and a processing aid for caramels.

E629
Calcium Guanylate
Flavor enhancerLow

The calcium salt of 5'-GMP — sodium-free umami nucleotide for renal-diet formulations.

E633
Calcium Inosinate
Flavor enhancerLow

The calcium salt of 5'-IMP — sodium-free umami nucleotide.

E634
Calcium 5'-Ribonucleotides
Flavor enhancerLow

A 1:1 calcium mixture of GMP and IMP — sodium-free analog of disodium 5'-ribonucleotides (E635).

E948
Oxygen
Glazing agentLow

A packaging gas — the air component that keeps fresh meat bright red on retail display.

E1412
Distarch Phosphate
Modified starchLow

Phosphate-cross-linked starch — heat-and-shear resistant for retort and acidic applications.

E1440
Hydroxypropyl Starch
Modified starchLow

Hydroxypropylated starch — improves freeze-thaw stability and clarity in dairy desserts.

E216
Propylparaben
PreservativeModerate

Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate — de-listed in EU food in 2006 over endocrine concerns; still in use elsewhere.

E217
Sodium Propylparaben
PreservativeModerate

The sodium salt of propylparaben — de-listed in EU food (with E216) since 2006.

E232
Sodium Orthophenylphenate
PreservativeModerate

The sodium salt of orthophenylphenol — the spray-applied form for citrus post-harvest treatment.

E335
Sodium Tartrate
AcidulantLow

The sodium salt of tartaric acid — buffer and sequestrant in jellies, dairy, and supplements.

E411
Oat Gum
ThickenerLow

An β-glucan-rich gum from oat hulls — a clean-label thickener with documented cholesterol-lowering effects.

E431
Polyoxyethylene 40 Stearate
EmulsifierLow

A 40-EO PEG-stearate — a higher-HLB ethoxylated emulsifier for clear-aqueous applications.

E444
Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate
EmulsifierLow

SAIB — a heavy density-matching emulsifier for citrus-flavored beverages; replaced BVO in many reformulations.

E523
Aluminium Potassium Sulfate
Anti-caking agentModerate

Potash alum — the classical pickle-firmer and double-acting-baking-powder acid, now restricted in EU.

E525
Potassium Hydroxide
AcidulantLow

Caustic potash — sodium-free alkali for pretzel browning, olive curing, and Dutch cocoa.

E550
Sodium Silicate
Anti-caking agentLow

Water glass — a niche anti-caking agent now largely replaced by silicates of calcium and magnesium.

E556
Calcium Aluminium Silicate
Anti-caking agentModerate

A natural aluminosilicate anti-caking agent — used in dry mixes and table salts.

E559
Aluminium Silicate
Anti-caking agentModerate

Kaolin — the porcelain clay, used as an anti-caking agent and wine fining agent.

E624
Monoammonium Glutamate
Flavor enhancerLow

The ammonium salt of glutamic acid — a niche umami enhancer for low-sodium ammonium-tolerant products.

E914
Oxidized Polyethylene Wax
Glazing agentLow

An oxidized polyethylene wax — a fruit-coating glazing agent with a long shelf life.

E938
Argon
Glazing agentLow

A noble inert packaging gas — used for wine and oil purging where nitrogen-acceptable interactions are unwanted.

E964
Polyglycitol Syrup
SweetenerLow

A hydrogenated glucose syrup blend — maltitol-rich with sorbitol and longer-chain polyols.

E1519
Benzyl Alcohol
Glazing agentLow

A versatile flavor and color carrier solvent — naturally present in many fruit aromas.

E143
Fast Green FCF
ColorantModerate

A US-approved synthetic green triarylmethane dye — not approved in the EU.

E230
Biphenyl
PreservativeElevated

An aromatic post-harvest citrus fungicide — banned in the EU since 2003 over toxicity concerns.

E233
Thiabendazole
PreservativeElevated

A benzimidazole fungicide for citrus wax — banned in EU food (2014) but still common in US imports.

E239
Hexamethylene Tetramine
PreservativeElevated

A formaldehyde-releasing antimicrobial — restricted to traditional provolone cheese in EU.

E365
Sodium Fumarate
AcidulantLow

The sodium salt of fumaric acid — buffer in some beverages and bakery products.

E384
Isopropyl Citrate Mixture
AntioxidantLow

A mixed-isopropyl citrate ester blend — sequestrant and antioxidant synergist for fats and oils.

E407a
Processed Eucheuma Seaweed
ThickenerLow

PES — the cheaper, less-refined carrageenan, still containing seaweed cell-wall material.

E483
Stearyl Tartrate
EmulsifierLow

A tartrate ester of stearyl alcohol — niche bakery emulsifier with narrow approved uses.

E542
Bone Phosphate
Anti-caking agentModerate

Hydroxyapatite from defatted bone — a calcium and phosphate source, deprecated in most direct food use.

E554
Sodium Aluminium Silicate
Anti-caking agentModerate

A common US salt anti-cake — restricted in the EU since 2014 because of aluminium concerns.

E555
Potassium Aluminium Silicate
Anti-caking agentModerate

A potassium-based aluminosilicate — niche anti-caking agent, structural cousin of E554.

E579
Ferrous Gluconate
ColorantLow

An iron(II) gluconate — the blackening agent for cured black olives.

E585
Ferrous Lactate
ColorantLow

An iron(II) lactate — alternative olive-blackening agent and iron fortifier.

E586
4-Hexylresorcinol
AntioxidantLow

A phenolic antioxidant used to prevent shrimp blackspot — a clean-label alternative to sulfites.

E907
Hydrogenated Poly-1-Decene
Glazing agentLow

A saturated polyolefin oil — niche fruit-coating glazing agent and supplement carrier.

E969
Advantame
SweetenerLow

The newest aspartame derivative — about 20000× sweeter than sucrose, the highest-potency food sweetener.

E1451
Acetylated Oxidized Starch
Modified starchLow

A dual-modified starch — combines oxidation (lower viscosity) with acetylation (freeze-thaw stability).

E400
Alginic Acid
ThickenerLow

A seaweed-derived polysaccharide used to thicken, stabilize, and form heat-stable gels with calcium.

E401
Sodium Alginate
ThickenerLow

The water-soluble sodium salt of seaweed alginate — thickens sauces and cold-sets into gels with calcium.

E405
Propylene Glycol Alginate
ThickenerLow

A modified alginate that stays soluble in acid — thickens dressings and stabilizes the foam head on beer.

E508
Potassium Chloride
Flavor enhancerLow

The main salt substitute — gives a salty taste with less sodium, used across reduced-sodium foods and drinks.

E503
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Leavening agentLow

'Baker's ammonia' — a leavening agent for thin, crisp baked goods that bakes away leaving no salty residue.

E504
Magnesium Carbonate
Anti-caking agentLow

A light mineral powder used to keep salt and powders free-flowing, regulate acidity, and 'Dutch' cocoa.

E355
Adipic Acid
AcidulantLow

An acidulant giving a smooth, lingering tartness — common in powdered drinks, gelatin desserts, and fillings.

E234
Nisin
PreservativeLow

A natural antimicrobial peptide from cheese bacteria — preserves processed cheese and canned foods.

E123
Amaranth
ColorantElevated

A synthetic red azo dye, banned as a food color in the US but permitted in the EU for limited uses.

E127
Erythrosine
ColorantModerate

A cherry-pink iodine-based dye best known in cocktail cherries; US authorization is being withdrawn.

E131
Patent Blue V
ColorantModerate

A synthetic blue dye used in sweets and drinks (and blended for greens); not approved for food in the US.

E151
Brilliant Black BN
ColorantModerate

A synthetic black azo dye used to darken sauces and decorations; not approved for food in the US.

E501
Potassium Carbonate
Leavening agentLow

An alkaline potash salt — 'Dutches' cocoa, gives ramen noodles their bite, and deacidifies grape must.

E402
Potassium Alginate
ThickenerLow

The potassium salt of seaweed alginate — a thickener and gelling agent used like sodium alginate.

E404
Calcium Alginate
ThickenerLow

The calcium salt of seaweed alginate — forms firm, heat-stable gels used in restructured foods.

E516
Calcium Sulfate
AcidulantLow

Food-grade gypsum — a firming agent and the classic coagulant that sets soy milk into tofu.

E518
Magnesium Sulfate
AcidulantLow

'Epsom salt' — a firming agent, tofu coagulant, and brewing salt that also supplies magnesium.

E999
Quillaia Extract
EmulsifierLow

A natural soap-bark extract rich in saponins — creates and stabilizes the foam in root beer and sodas.

E221
Sodium Sulfite
PreservativeModerate

A sulfite preservative and antioxidant that releases SO2 to stop browning — a declared allergen above 10 mg/kg.

E226
Calcium Sulfite
PreservativeModerate

A calcium sulfite preservative releasing SO2 — same anti-browning role and sulfite sensitivity concerns.

E228
Potassium Bisulfite
PreservativeModerate

A potassium sulfite used in winemaking and foods — releases SO2 and is a declared sulfite allergen.

E285
Sodium Tetraborate (Borax)
PreservativeElevated

A borate salt permitted essentially only to preserve and firm sturgeon caviar; restricted elsewhere.

E512
Stannous Chloride
AntioxidantLow

A tin salt used as an antioxidant to keep canned white asparagus and similar pale vegetables from discolouring.

E511
Magnesium Chloride
AcidulantLow

The traditional 'nigari' tofu coagulant — sets soy milk into tofu and adds a slightly sweet note.

E900
Dimethylpolysiloxane
Anti-caking agentLow

A food-grade silicone anti-foaming agent — stops fryer oil from foaming (hence fast-food fries) and appears in gum.

E943a
Butane
Glazing agentLow

A hydrocarbon propellant that pushes food out of aerosol cans such as cooking-oil sprays.

E943b
Isobutane
Glazing agentLow

An isomer of butane used as an aerosol propellant in food sprays.

E944
Propane
Glazing agentLow

A hydrocarbon propellant for aerosol food sprays, often blended with butane.

E939
Helium
Glazing agentLow

An inert packaging and foaming gas used to displace oxygen or aerate products.

E949
Hydrogen
Glazing agentLow

A packaging gas used in modified-atmosphere applications; niche in food.

E902
Candelilla Wax
Glazing agentLow

A hard plant wax used to glaze confectionery and gum — a firmer, vegan alternative to beeswax coatings.

E912
Montan Acid Esters
Glazing agentLow

Hard wax esters used to shine and seal the skin of fresh citrus and other fruit.

E927b
Carbamide (Urea)
Glazing agentLow

Food-grade urea used in chewing gum to modify pH and saliva flow, and as a fermentation aid.

E1204
Pullulan
Glazing agentLow

A fermentation-made polysaccharide that forms clear edible films — breath strips, capsule shells, glazes.

E181
Tannic Acid
AntioxidantLow

A plant tannin used as a fining agent to clear haze from beer, wine, and juice — also an antioxidant.

E636
Maltol
Flavor enhancerLow

A flavour enhancer adding a warm baked / caramel-malt aroma that boosts perceived sweetness.

E637
Ethyl Maltol
Flavor enhancerLow

A stronger synthetic cousin of maltol — the intense sweet, cotton-candy / caramel aroma in many candies.