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E297AcidulantLow concern
Fumaric Acid
In plain words
The short version
A dicarboxylic acid with a sharper, longer-lasting tartness than citric acid — common in dry mixes.
Why it's green
It's widely considered safe at the amounts used in food, so we mark it green. The Safety section below has the details.
Safety profile
No ADI specified. Considered safe — a normal intermediate in human metabolism (the Krebs cycle). Generally well tolerated; can cause GI upset at very high doses.
The detail
Naturally present in mushrooms (Fumaria officinalis, the original namesake), lichens, and many fruits. Industrially produced from maleic anhydride by catalytic isomerization.
Used in dry beverage mixes (sherbet, lemonade powder), wheat tortillas, gelatin desserts, and as a wine acidifier. Provides about 1.5× the sourness of citric acid per weight with slower flavor release. Useful where slow dissolution is preferred.
White crystalline powder, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water. Lower hygroscopicity than citric acid — better for dry powder mixes.
In the EU, fumaric acid is authorised only in listed food categories, each with a maximum level, for example fruit-flavoured and gel-like desserts, sugar confectionery, chewing gum, fillings and toppings for fine bakery ware, and instant powders for fruit-based drinks. In the US it may be used in food at a level not in excess of the amount reasonably required for the intended effect (21 CFR 172.350).
Sources
- JECFA database — Fumaric acid, INS 297 — WHO / FAO JECFA, 1999. JECFA group ADI 'not specified' for fumaric acid and salts
- 21 CFR 172.350 — Fumaric acid and salts of fumaric acid, eCFR as of 1 Oct 2026 — US eCFR (National Archives / GPO), 2026. US: permitted at levels reasonably required for intended effect
- Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives, consolidated text (18 Aug 2026), Annex II Part E — EUR-Lex (European Union), 2026. EU: authorised only in specific categories with maximum levels (not Group I)
Checked against these sources on .
Educational information only. Not medical, dietary or veterinary advice. Spotted an error? Tell us.