Propyl Gallate
The short version
A synthetic phenolic antioxidant — used in fats and oils, similar concerns to BHA and BHT.
It's permitted and generally considered safe, but there are a few reasons to be mindful — like sensitivities in some people, debated studies, or intake limits. The Safety section below explains the specifics.
Where it comes from
An ester of gallic acid (from oak galls and tea) and propanol. Developed in the 1940s alongside BHA and BHT as a synthetic antioxidant for petroleum and food applications.
How it's used
Used in animal fats, vegetable oils, packaging materials, snack foods, and chewing gum to prevent rancidity. Often combined with BHA, BHT, and citric acid for synergistic effect. Typical use 0.001–0.02%.
Safety profile
ADI of 1.4 mg/kg body weight. Has shown estrogen-mimicking activity in some in-vitro studies; the human relevance is debated. Some studies have raised questions about reproductive and metabolic effects at high doses. Banned for certain uses in Japan.
Physical & chemical properties
White to slightly yellow crystalline powder, soluble in oils and ethanol, sparingly soluble in water. Effective at very low concentrations.
Regulation worldwide
Permitted in the EU and US with restricted maximum levels. Banned for certain uses in Japan.
Educational information only. Not medical or dietary advice.